b Lines connect treatments in which species showed no significant differences. Shading inhibited shoot growth in both years.ĭry weight of shoots (g) at light intensity ofĭry weight of foliage (g) at light intensity ofĪ From Logan (1965, 1966a).
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Jackson and Palmer (1977a, b) exposed Cox's Orange Pippin apple trees to 100, 37, 25, or 11% of full daylight, in 1970 or 1971, or both years. In comparison, American elm seedlings showed an increase in height and in stem weight as light intensity was increased up to 45% of full light ( Logan, 1966b). Shading also had only a limited effect on shoot elongation of basswood seedlings. Sugar maple showed a greater percent reduction in shoot weight under heavy shade than did the other three species ( Table 5.2). However, the dry weight increments of both shoots and foliage of all four species decreased under heavy shading. Height growth of white birch, yellow birch, silver maple, and sugar maple actually increased at the greatest level of shading. In general, heavy shading reduced shoot growth of the conifers more than that of the broad-leaved species ( Table 5.2). Logan (1965, 1966a, b) compared the shoot growth of seedlings of several species of angiosperms and gymnosperms in full light and in shelters admitting about 45, 25, or 13% of full sun.
Species vary greatly in shoot growth response to light intensity. A common response to opening of stands by thinning or by pruning branches and suddenly exposing tree trunks to increased light intensities is stimulation of epicormic shoot formation. The degree of such natural pruning in response to the low light intensities within dense tree stands varies among species (see Chapter 3 of Kozlowski and Pallardy, 1997). In addition to influencing the formation and expansion of shoot primordia, natural shading often induces death of the lower branches on tree stems. For example, shading of tamarack shoots at various times during the growing season inhibited their elongation ( Clausen and Kozlowski, 1967b). After buds form, their expansion into shoots also is influenced by light intensity. At low light intensities these rudimentary primordia formed bud scales at higher light intensities they formed leaves ( Wilson and Fischer, 1977). All buds contained a pair of preformed early leaves as well as a pair of rudimentary leaf primordia. In understory striped maple trees, bud development was controlled by the light intensity reaching the leaves. The low light intensities received by the lower and inner branches of trees inhibit bud development and thereby impose a limitation on shoot growth. The specific effects of changes in light intensity are not easily assessed because increases in light intensity often are accompanied by higher temperatures which, in turn, influence each of the physiological processes already mentioned, and respiration as well.Īs discussed in Chapter 3 of Kozlowski and Pallardy (1997), the ultimate length of shoots in some species is correlated with the size of the bud and the number of shoot primordia that are present in the winter bud.
These responses involve effects of light intensity on various plant processes such as chlorophyll synthesis, photosynthesis, hormone synthesis, stomatal opening, and transpiration. Light intensity influences bud formation as well as expansion of internodes and leaves. Pallardy, in Growth Control in Woody Plants, 1997 Shoot Growth Gamezebo - "Primordia is a very good game, packed with enough secrets, surprises and twists to keep it interesting from start to finish.Theodore T.
Rock Paper Shotgun - "A cast of thoroughly insane-in-the-short-circuited-membrane side characters keeps the ride nice and lively as well, complimenting the oppressively dreary setting with a strong mix of mystery driven drama, Old West frontier charm, and dark humor." What they discover there changes their understanding of the world and their place in it, for better or worse.įull voice acting, featuring Logan Cunningham (the voice of Bastion) as Horatio.Īdventure Gamers - "Beautiful, surrealistic retro graphics likeable characters and a deceptively sprawling plot." 4/5Įurogamer - "Primordia is delightful, smart and packed with personality." 7/10 Torn from his peaceful existence in the crashed airship, the UNIIC, Horatio and his sarcastic floating friend Crispin are forced to travel to Metropolis, City of Glass and Light, to retrieve their stolen power core. Where did he come from? Where have all the humans gone? And what, if any, was his role in it?
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In a desolate, ruined world inhabited only by robots, the taciturn android Horatio searches for answers.